Tourist passenger transport safety

I. Types of safety problems in tourist attractions

"Safety is more important than Mount Tai", and once there is a problem with tourism safety, it may evolve into a catastrophic accident. It can be said that there is no tourism without security, and security is one of the most prominent problems that affect tourism decision-making and restrict the development of tourism. The safety problems of tourist attractions mainly include natural disasters, man-made disasters, safety accidents, public security management, etc. The protected contents include the safety of tourists' lives and property and the safety of tourist landscapes.

Zheng Xiangmin (2008) analyzed the related documents, reports and investigation results of tourism safety, and summarized the tourism safety problems into six manifestations from a macro perspective, namely, crime, fire, disease (poisoning), traffic accidents, natural disasters and other accidents. Various manifestations appear alternately or simultaneously in all aspects of tourism activities, mainly including:

(1) Crime

Because of the seriousness of the trauma to tourists and the sociality of the influence, crime has become one of the most striking manifestations of tourism safety. Tourism crime here refers to crimes against tourists. Among the common types of tourism crimes, property crimes account for the vast majority. Among them, theft and fraud are the main forms, and violent crimes account for a small proportion, and are often associated with property crimes.

(2) Fire and explosion

It often causes serious consequences, such as casualties, damage to infrastructure, loss of property, etc., and even the disorder of the entire tourist attraction facilities system. It mainly includes two aspects: on the one hand, it refers to the fire that poses a threat to self-help tourists, mainly in hotels, entertainment places and tourist attractions; On the other hand, it refers to the fire caused by the improper behavior of self-help tourists.

(3) Traffic accidents

In all aspects of tourism operation, tourism traffic is one of the biggest links that affect safety issues. Tourism traffic accidents are often devastating. According to the traffic form, tourist traffic accidents can be divided into:

1. Road traffic accidents

Relevant data show that there are 500,000 traffic accidents in China every year, with more than 100,000 deaths and tens of billions of economic losses. In 2007, there were 327,209 road traffic accidents in China, resulting in 81,649 deaths, 380,442 injuries and direct property losses of 1.2 billion yuan. With the development of expressway, serious and serious traffic accidents have risen sharply. In 2007, 5925 people died in national highway accidents. Road traffic accidents are common, which is a huge safety hazard of tourist traffic.

2. Aviation accidents

Compared with other modes of transportation, air traffic is relatively safe; But for civil airliners, any accident may be disastrous.

3. Water accidents

Refers to the safety accidents in water bodies, which appear with the appearance of water transportation and water tourism projects such as cruise ships and bamboo rafts, including shipwrecks and inland river (lake) safety accidents. Many geological tourist attractions in China, because they are located in the sea, river and lakeside, objectively have many hidden dangers in water tourism safety.

4. Traffic accidents in scenic spots such as cable cars.

Although the cable car and cableway improve the convenience of traffic in the tourist attractions, it is easy to cause a large number of tourists to concentrate in the scenic spots with limited capacity and cause safety problems.

(4) Disease (poisoning)

Tired travel, travel in different places, "acclimatization" and objective food hygiene problems may induce diseases or lead to food poisoning.

(5) Natural disasters

Compared with man-made disasters, natural disasters are caused by uncontrollable natural causes such as weather and floods in tourism activities, which is one of the common problems in tourism safety. Including natural disasters that threaten human life and destroy tourist facilities, other natural factors and phenomena that endanger tourists' health and life, and the dangers caused by tourists' contact with wild animals, plants and insects.

(6) Other safety issues.

In addition to the above five manifestations, tourism safety manifestations also include other special and unexpected emergencies. For example, playing with zoo animals was scratched and bitten, buildings collapsed and crushed, crowds were crowded and trampled.

Second, the safety sign system

The safety identification system of tourist attractions refers to the overall deployment and specific arrangement of tourist image elements in order to develop, utilize and manage scenic spots and make them play a variety of functions and roles. Safety sign system can provide humanized service for tourists and guide them to complete their tourism activities smoothly and safely.

(1) Types of safety signs

In the tourist distribution center, main passage, dangerous zone and other areas of geological tourist attractions, a safety sign system should be set up according to the safety signs prescribed by the state to remind tourists to pay attention to safety. Safety signs are mainly composed of graphic symbols, safety colors, geometric shapes or words. International standard GB2894—1996 divides safety signs into four types.

1. No sign

A graphic sign used to prohibit unsafe behavior of tourists. Including no fireworks, no smoking, no touching, no climbing, no entering, no passing, no crossing and no kindling. The basic graphic is a circular border with slash, the ring and slash are red, the graphic symbol is black, and the substrate is white.

2. Warning signs

Graphical signs used to remind tourists to pay attention to the surrounding environment and avoid danger. Including 28 signs, such as safety, fire, cables, falling objects, landslides, slipping and vehicles. The basic figure is a regular triangle frame, and there are figures with different connotations in the frame. The frame and figures are black and the substrate is yellow.

In addition, according to the provisions of the Measures for the Safety Protection of Tourists, tourism administrative departments at all levels should establish a tourism safety early warning information release system. The system has been implemented in October 2009, which clearly stipulates the rights and obligations of tourists and tourism product providers: according to the evaluation of the tourism safety status of tourist destinations, the safety warning information for traveling to destinations is issued to tourists, and the tourism safety status of tourist destinations is marked in red, orange, yellow and blue respectively, corresponding to the release of red, orange, yellow and blue tourism warning information to the public, respectively:

(1) Red travel warning: it is recommended not to travel to this destination;

(2) orange tourism warning: it is suggested to reconsider the necessity of traveling to this destination to avoid unnecessary travel;

(3) Yellow tourism early warning: It is suggested to pay close attention to the factors that have occurred or may occur in tourist destinations that affect tourism safety;

(4) Early warning of blue tourism: It is suggested to pay attention to the factors that have occurred or may occur in tourist destinations that affect tourism safety.

3. Instruction mark

A graphic sign used to force people to take certain actions and take preventive measures. Including 12 kinds of signs, such as must wear protective glasses, must wear safety helmet and must wear life jacket. The basic graphic is a circular frame, the graphic symbol is white, and the substrate is blue.

4. Prompt signs

A graphic sign that provides people with certain information (indicating safety facilities or places). Including emergency exits and safe havens. The basic graphic is a square frame, the graphic symbol is white, and the substrate is green.

(2) Matters needing attention in establishing and improving the safety sign system in scenic spots

Because of the hidden effect of graphic signs, a single graphic symbol can't let tourists get the correct information, and it must be accompanied by words; All signs must be made and hung according to national standards so that all tourists can understand them; The material of the signboard should not only meet the characteristics of durability and no deformation when it meets water, but also be adapted to local conditions and coordinated with the resources and environment of tourist attractions; In order to ensure the effect and prevent disputes, safety signs should be inspected at least once every six months, and damaged signs that do not meet the requirements should be repaired or replaced in time.

Three, the safety facilities management of outdoor sports in geological tourist attractions

Most outdoor sports are adventure activities, such as mountaineering, rock climbing, camping, hiking and ice climbing, which are very exciting and challenging. It can make people embrace nature, challenge themselves, cultivate individual perseverance and teamwork spirit, and improve their ability to survive in the wild. While people are keen on outdoor sports, they often face the safety problems caused by it. It can be managed from the aspects of ropeway safety, cruise ship safety, mountaineering safety, drifting safety, upstream safety and so on.

(1) Safety management of ropeways and amusement facilities in geological tourist attractions

Amusement facilities have been set up in specific areas of the scenic spot, and many safety accidents in the scenic spot are closely related to tourist facilities such as ropeways. Many geological tourist attractions in China have built passenger and sightseeing ropeways, so the management and maintenance of these facilities are of great significance. The following measures should be taken to ensure the safety of ropeways and amusement facilities:

1. Comply with relevant laws and regulations and strictly examine and approve.

Compliance with relevant national laws and regulations is an important prerequisite for cableway construction in geological tourist attractions, and the examination and approval procedures must be strictly observed. First of all, the cableway construction should obey the relevant laws and regulations, and meet the requirements of the overall planning or construction detailed planning of tourist attractions. Secondly, the ropeway construction project should have environmental impact assessment report, engineering geological survey report and other related special reports, and the review results meet the construction requirements. At the same time, the construction units and individuals must be approved by the scenic spot management agencies and the city and county construction departments, and reported to the provincial authorities. The cableway project planned and constructed in the world cultural and natural heritage sites should conscientiously fulfill the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, and make the cableway construction scientific and reasonable based on the principle of "protection first, rational development, scientific management and sustainable utilization".

On the contrary, if it violates laws and regulations and lacks relevant and complete examination and approval procedures, it will cause the construction to stop and lose. For example, the "Bailong Ladder" in Wulingyuan Scenic Area of Zhangjiajie has three glorious laurels-"the world's highest fully exposed outdoor sightseeing elevator, the world's highest double-decker sightseeing elevator, and the world's largest and fastest sightseeing elevator". However, this "ladder" has just been in operation for less than half a year. Due to the lack of safety inspection report and environmental impact assessment report required for elevator filing, it was stopped by the Ministry of Construction on September 30, 2002, and it did not resume normal operation until August 7, 2003, which brought huge losses to ropeway builders and the development of tourist attractions. Therefore, ropeway construction must comply with relevant laws and regulations and carry out strict examination and approval procedures, which is one of the important prerequisites for ropeway construction.

2. Handle the relationship between protection and development of scenic spots.

In a certain sense, any form of development will have a certain impact on the ecological environment of scenic spots. However, the negative impact of ropeway construction can not be ignored, which is mainly reflected in the fact that the construction of ropeway will destroy the vegetation and landform in the scenic spot, and then affect the ecological value of the scenic spot. For the world natural and cultural heritage, it directly affects the overall image of the heritage. Therefore, correctly handling the relationship between protection and development is the first problem to be faced in ropeway construction.

From the perspective of sustainable economic growth, the effective protection and sustainable utilization of resources will always be the first priority. The core problem of dealing with the relationship between ropeway development and protection lies in "how to make careful decisions, carefully design and scientifically route, and effectively prevent the destruction of landscape quality and environmental quality". This requires that the cableway planning and design should not compete with the scenic spot, which is in a subordinate position compared with the landscape. For example, the construction of the Zhongtianmen ropeway in Mount Tai blew up 1/3 of the peak surface of Yueguan Peak, covering an area of 19,000 square meters. The dilapidated scene of this peak can be clearly seen from 10 to 20 kilometers away, causing the most serious damage in Mount Tai's history.

3. The upper part of the ropeway (the top of the mountain) must be attractive.

Although the ropeway itself sometimes becomes a tourist landscape, and it also has the function of commanding and enjoying the beautiful scenery, the most basic function of the ropeway is the traffic function, and the main purpose of tourists taking the ropeway is to reach the scenic spot conveniently. Therefore, the upper part of the ropeway (the top of the mountain) must have an attractive landscape. If there is no attractive landscape or general landscape, it can't attract a large number of tourists and only satisfy the leisure of individual people's climbing and looking far, the ropeway construction is unnecessary. For example, in Wanshiyan Scenic Area in Xiamen, the top of the ropeway has neither attractive natural scenery nor rich human resources, which can't make tourists linger, so the income of the ropeway has been challenged, and the ropeway has become a major failure of Wanshiyan Scenic Area. If there is a good tourist attraction at the top of the ropeway, tourists will go there in large numbers. For example, there are 72 peaks in Huangshan Scenic Area, among which the three main peaks, Lotus Peak, Guangming Peak and Tiandu Peak, are all above 1800 meters above sea level. Gu Song, a strange peak, looms in the sea of clouds, which is beautiful. Tourists who take the ropeway to watch the "welcoming pine" and "sea of clouds" are woven, which also brings rich tourism to Huangshan.

4. The scenic spot has large height difference, difficult climbing and long swimming line.

Many famous mountains have pleasant scenery, but the high peaks and steep mountains are difficult to climb, which makes many elderly and frail tourists unable to do so. Cableway construction is generally in mountain scenic spots, and "big height difference, difficult climbing and long tour line" is an important prerequisite for cableway construction in mountain scenic spots. On the contrary, "small height difference, easy climbing and short tour line" does not need to build cableway facilities. For example, in the scenic spots in the plain and hilly areas, the height difference of the tourist areas is not large, so it is easy for tourists to visit the scenic spots, so it is generally not necessary to build ropeways. According to the scientific planning of cableway construction in tourist attractions, the vertical height difference of the mountain should be about 1000 meters, the walking road should be more than 10 kilometers, and the climbing angle should be 45 degrees.

For example, Jinshanling Great Wall is the most magnificent section along the Great Wall in the north of Beijing. For many years, Jinshanling Great Wall has become one of the biggest tourist attractions in northern Hebei except the summer resort because of its superior geographical location and well-preserved cultural relics, attracting a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists to visit and spend their holidays. However, due to the precipitous location of many scenic spots here, it is difficult for many tourists with poor health and elderly disabilities to reach the ideal scenic spots, so they can only look at the Great Wall and sigh. In order to let more tourists enjoy the style of Jinshanling Great Wall from high altitude, the relevant departments have invested heavily in the construction of Jinshanling Great Wall cableway. This gondola cableway runs directly from the foot of the Great Wall to the vicinity of Xiaojinshanling Building. The scenery along the Great Wall has a panoramic view, allowing visitors to enjoy the elegance of the Great Wall calmly in a limited time.

(2) Mountaineering tourism and safety equipment in geological tourist attractions

1. Overview of mountaineering

As a unique sport, mountaineering is popular all over the world with its charming charm. Modern mountaineering started in Europe and has only developed for more than 100 years. Mountaineering in China started late, and only after the birth of New China did it have the conditions for development. On May 24th, 1960, three China climbers, Wang Fuzhou, Kampot and Qu Yinhua, successfully climbed Mount Qomolangma from the northern slope of Mount Qomolangma, which was once called "the route of death" by the British mountaineering team, creating the history of the first human conquest of Mount Qomolangma from the northern slope.

With China's social progress and economic development, mountaineering has made great progress. Mountaineering is no longer the patent of professional athletes. Folk mountaineering activities are booming and commercial mountaineering activities have emerged.

2. Mountaineering safety equipment

The famous mountain climbing sites in China include Mount Qomolangma, Mount Chogory, Mount Xixiabangma, Altun Mountain, Mount Tanggula, Meili Snow Mountain, etc. In the process of climbing, climbers will meet the test of difficulties and obstacles such as high altitude hypoxia, avalanches, rolling stones and sliding falls. For climbers who want to carry out this kind of high-risk mountain exploration or competitive mountaineering, in addition to meeting the requirements of relevant mountaineering laws and regulations, they must have good physical fitness and mountaineering skills, and must also have strict equipment. Mountaineering equipment is a general term for equipment, tools and clothing used in mountaineering. Mountaineering equipment should adapt to the environmental conditions of mountaineering, and it should be as light, strong and efficient as possible in design, material selection, materials and production, and can be used for multiple purposes, which can be mainly divided into three categories:

(1) camping equipment. Including tents, cookers, bedding and various fuels.

(2) technical equipment. Including climbing rope, oxygen equipment, measuring instruments, altimeter, hygrometer, steel cone, climbing iron lock, lifter, hanging ladder, pulley, snow shovel and so on.

(3) Personal equipment. Including mountaineering clothes, hiking shoes, mountain boots, helmets, flashlights, gloves, protective glasses, etc. It is characterized by portability, firmness, durability, easy disassembly and multi-purpose.

3. Tourism mountaineering management measures

Most tourists prefer to choose leisure mountaineering with moderate challenges and high safety, such as the "Five Mountains" and the four famous Buddhist mountains. Tourism mountaineering is a combination of tourism and mountaineering. Tourists don't need to provide strict personal equipment, but managers of geological tourist attractions should implement relevant infrastructure management to provide tourists with a good and safe mountaineering environment. It can be managed by the following measures:

(1) Hire experts to standardize the names of the mountains on the routes where people often carry out mountaineering activities, set up necessary safety protection measures, such as street signs and friendly warning signs, etc., to maintain the standardization and neatness of hiking trails and prevent the occurrence of accidental injuries by citizens and tourists;

(2) Maintain the line, set up warning signs at dangerous positions that are not suitable for mountaineering activities on the line, widen it in narrow places, and lay step slabs in steep places;

(3) Mountaineering rest stations, corridors, toilets and garbage dumps should be set up at suitable locations on the route, which is convenient for tourists to have a short rest and to be convenient on the way. Clean up dead trees in time to prevent climbers from being injured by dead branches.

(3) Safety management and equipment of drifting facilities in geological tourist attractions

1. Overview of drifting tourism

Drifting tourism refers to the artificial drifting tourism activities carried out by enterprises that legally have drifting fixed-point certificates issued by provincial tourism administrative departments and organize tourists to use drifting tools in geological tourist attractions where streams, rivers, lakes and other waters are located.

Drifting events are more and more popular with tourists because of their strong physical and mental stimulation. Drifting activities have been widely carried out in the world, and some countries have reached the level of popularization. In China, due to the improvement of people's living environment and quality of life in recent years, drifting activities have also begun to turn into popular mass sports activities. According to preliminary statistics, there are currently 63 drifting spots in China, and there are more than 50 legal entities engaged in drifting (Cui Yuan and Jin Yanchun, 2007). Well-known ones are Xiangshui River rafting in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, Longtan River rafting in Longtan Natural Scenic Area in Liulimiao Township, Huairou, Beijing, Beijiang River rafting in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Furong River rafting in Jiangkou Town, Wulong County, Chongqing, Maoyan River rafting in Zhangjiajie, Hunan, Bazhou River rafting in Guizhou, bamboo rafting in Taimu Mountain, Fujian, Jinshantun Great Forest Adventure rafting in Inner Mongolia, Tianmu River rafting in Zhejiang and Minjiang River rafting in Sichuan.

2. Safety management measures for drifting facilities

As a special tourism project, drifting tourism is highly dangerous, and the National Tourism Administration has specially promulgated the Interim Provisions on the Safety Management of Drifting Tourism. This regulation comprehensively stipulates the drifting safety work from the aspects of the safety guarantee of drifting reaches, drifting docks and drifting tools, the management system of drifting tourists, personnel management and training. According to the regulations, it is particularly important to strengthen drifting safety management. The following measures should be taken:

(1) Strengthen government management and infrastructure construction.

Management is a very important part in the development of drifting tourism, which includes the management of transportation, communication and personnel training. In terms of safety management, regular supervision, inspection, scientific management and perfect infrastructure by the government are the core factors to ensure the development of tourism (Chen Bingcan et al., 2001). In terms of transportation and communication, it is necessary for local and drifting enterprises to build basic and supporting facilities, including highway construction or reconstruction in and out of drifting scenic spots, parking lot construction, power supply, program control and mobile communication facilities construction. So that tourists can have a convenient, fast and comfortable feeling whether they are going back and forth to the drifting scenic spot or playing.

For drifting tourism, the infrastructure in the drifting process can't keep up, which means that tourists don't have personal safety and complete relaxation of mind. Due to the widespread problems of chaotic operation and lagging management in domestic drifting spots, drifting safety accidents caused by it also appear constantly. For example, rafting tourism in Maling River Gorge, located in southwest Guizhou Province, has been developed for nearly 20 years, but there are still many problems in its management. On October 3, 1999, the cable car crashed in Maling River Canyon National Natural Scenic Area, killing 14 people and injuring 21 others. Another example is that in July 2009, a drifting boat capsized in a section of water in Nixi Township, South Three Gorges, Yunyang County, Chongqing, and dozens of tourists on board were missing, 7 of whom were killed. It can be seen how important the safety management of drifting tourism facilities is.

(2) Special training for tourism management and service personnel.

The comprehensive quality of knowledge, business and skills of the management and service personnel of a tourist destination directly represents the image of the tourist destination. It requires practitioners to master the natural science knowledge such as geography, landform, climate, hydrology, etc., as well as the local economy, culture, folk customs, folk customs, religion and tourism-related safety and health knowledge. According to the types and existing problems of tourism professionals, different ways are adopted to train and educate them, so as to improve their understanding of eco-tourism, master the basic knowledge and skills of tourism management, reception service and rafting technical operators, and provide high-quality tourism experience services for drifters.

(4) Ski tourism and equipment in geological tourist attractions

1. Overview of skiing tourism

Winter skiing is one of the favorite activities of young people, especially in Europe and America. In recent years, more and more people in China have begun to understand and love skiing, and skiing tourism has shown a booming trend. In recent years, nearly 100 ski resorts have been built in Northeast China, North China and some western provinces, and many new ski resorts will be started every year. The famous ski resorts in China are Yabuli Ski Resort in Heilongjiang, Beidahu Ski Resort in Jilin, Mulan Weichang Ski Resort in Hebei, Nanshan Ski Resort in Beijing, Aershan Ski Resort in Inner Mongolia, Yulong Snow Mountain Ski Resort in Yunnan and Xiling Snow Mountain Ski Resort in Chengdu.

2. Safety management measures for skiing tourism

The safe operation of ski resorts is a systematic project. Including personnel safety, equipment safety and operation safety. Its safety system includes personnel allocation, equipment allocation, emergency procedures, safety work flow, visual identification system and audio-visual system. In addition to complete facilities, there are more systems, procedures and backstage work that guests can't see.

The invisible work of the guests includes: checking whether the sign prohibiting beginners from entering exists and can be easily recognized; Whether the snow patrol personnel work in place and find abnormal situations in time; Whether the safety protection net works normally; Whether the monitoring facilities can provide accident responsibility judgment pictures, etc. Specifically, it includes the following measures:

(1) comply with industry management norms

In order to operate ski resorts safely, safety management must be carried out in accordance with industry management norms. According to the safety rules of "Safety Management Standard of Beijing Ski Resort (Trial)" (2005), ski trails should be flat and spacious, with a width of not less than 20 meters; Natural turns, slopes and reverse slopes can be reserved for taxiing routes, but there must be no continuous ups and downs to cause continuous emptying; Ski trails are not allowed to have sharp and small bends, and steep and fast sharp turns should be equipped with safety protection devices; The snow surface of the general ski run should be tamped, steady and flattened, and there should be no exposed earth and stone and tree roots, and the thickness of the snow layer should not be less than 20 cm. The surface of the snow layer shall not form ice; Obstacles that the taxiing route may not hit; There should be a buffer zone meeting the safety distance at the taxiing terminal.

For the selection of graphic symbols for maintaining the safety of skiing and cable cars, please refer to the standard of ISO 7001: 1990 "Graphic symbols for public information". These symbols include rail cable car, large-capacity aerial cable car, small-capacity aerial cable car, single-chair aerial cable car, double-chair aerial cable car, three-chair aerial cable car, four-chair aerial cable car, closing safety bar, opening safety bar, closing overhead safety bar, opening overhead safety bar, pedestrians must get off, skiers must get off, lift the front end of ski sled, ski cable car, steep slope ski cable car, double-column arrangement, triple-column arrangement, and so on.

(2) establish emergency procedures

As a service provider providing comprehensive services, ski resorts should first ensure the absolute safety of their guests. Including the personal safety of guests, property safety and complete handling procedures after an emergency. Correct working procedures are the first condition to ensure the safety of equipment, and emergency measures should be established in advance to prevent problems before they occur.

For example, in the event of a parking accident during the cable car operation, according to the requirements of the China Cableway Testing Center, the rescue plan for the ropeway drilled in each ski resort should be implemented in time. When the professional judges that the ropeway has not reversed or fallen down, the ambulance personnel will evacuate the guests to the ground nearby. In special circumstances, professional firefighters are needed to come to the rescue. Emergency procedures are necessary in the event of such an accident. Peacetime drills and correct responses to accidents can minimize the impact and losses of accidents.

(3) Install appropriate protective net.

Many ski resorts will install protective nets on both sides of the snow trail, which not only does not reduce accidents, but increases the accident rate. The reason is that after some snow resorts are equipped with protective nets, they think that they can slide at high speed with protective nets. If the protective net is installed on the front, it can play a good role in blocking, but if the pillar of the safety net is a hard object, skiers will be seriously injured when they hit it, so domestic ski resorts should ban the installation of metal or wood protective net support and increase various protective measures more scientifically and effectively.

(4) Implement the care for tourists

At present, the high rate of skiing accidents is caused by the lack of care for skiers in ski resorts, the technical problems of skiers and the poor management of ski resorts. Ski resorts should first strengthen the "monitoring" of tourists, and ski instructors should be responsible for tourists, know the situation of tourists in time, and give technical guidance to tourists in time to avoid accidents.

(5) Strengthen monitoring and forecasting.

Ski resort is a place where people are densely distributed. Many tourists have poor skiing skills and are prone to stampede and other events. Therefore, many countries have promulgated relevant laws, and places such as ski resorts need to install surveillance cameras, striving to cover the entire ski resort and implement positioning management for each visitor. In the event of an accident, you can rescue as quickly as possible.

In addition, ski resorts should predict the weather conditions in time, conduct wind speed tests at all times, provide accurate weather information and remind tourists in time.

3. Skiing safety facilities and equipment

Commonly used safety facilities include the protective net of the snow trail, the infirmary, snowmobiles used for rescue, snow stretchers, etc. Ski equipment includes ski shoes, skis, poles, ski glasses, ski clothes, gloves, etc.

(5) upstream tourism and safety equipment in geological tourist attractions

1. Overview of upstream tourism

Upstream of the stream is an exploration activity from the downstream of the canyon stream to the upstream, overcoming all obstacles in the terrain and reaching the top of the mountain from the source of poor water. The upstream movement, which is independent from mountaineering, runs upstream along the valley and meets waterfalls or boulders, which requires technical climbing depending on the terrain.

Upstream tourism relies on geological tourist attractions in the site, and is close to adventure tourism in the form of activities, to expanding tourism in the form of organization, and to leisure sports tourism in the sense of gaining experience. As a new outdoor sport, upstream of the river was originally a mountaineering method in the European Alps, but now it has evolved into a relatively independent outdoor sport, which prevailed in Japan from 1960s to 1970s and was introduced to China after 1970s.

The famous upstream scenic spots in China are Tiger Cave Valley in Jiangmen, Guangdong, Huanglong Gorge in Qingyuan, Wanquan River Gorge in Haikou, Hainan, Juma River in Miyun, Beijing, etc.

2. Upstream travel safety equipment

As a brand-new way of traveling, except for a few outdoor sports enthusiasts, many people still don't know the true meaning of "going upstream" and hold a wait-and-see and skeptical attitude towards it. Due to environmental uncertainty and unexpected events, and the participants' own reasons, upstream tourism is very risky.

Be sure to team up to go upstream, and don't enter the valley alone, so as not to be trapped and unable to get out. Upstream tourism requires higher equipment. The equipment of the upstream tourism group includes braided rope, anchor pile, rock hammer, map, compass, altimeter, etc. In addition, you should also have personal equipment dedicated to upstream, such as:

(1) Upstream shoes: necessary equipment for the upstream, it is not advisable to use shoes with unimpeded sliding function, but upstream shoes with waterproof materials, which have both anti-sliding effect and are not easy to wear, and the two-finger grip is the best, but hand-woven straw sandals and sports sandals with anti-slip function can also be used as anti-slip shoes;

(2) Leg protection: It is made of waterproof material, which can not only protect against cold, but also protect against bumps, abrasions and cuts of weeds and rocks, and prevent the bites of leeches, etc. It can be divided into two types: long system and short system, and long system can also protect knees besides protecting calves;

(3) Helmets: Lightweight climbing helmets or mountaineering helmets can be used, and domestic engineering helmets can also be substituted. The helmet can protect the head from climbing, sliding and falling rocks;

(4) Waterproof backpack: It is subject to being able to carry upstream equipment and climbing supplies. Generally, people who go upstream use cycling bags;

(5) Waterproof inner bag: Tourists who swim upstream sometimes have to swim in the Shentan Canyon, and it is common for backpacks to go into the water. It is not enough to tie up the things in the backpack with plastic bags, so it is necessary to add a waterproof inner bag to the backpack;

(6) Waterproof mirror: it can protect the eyes of tourists who go upstream;

(7) Waterproof clothing: It is advisable to choose nylon fabric that is light, breathable and easy to dry.

In addition, tourists who go upstream must also have technical equipment such as risers, descenders, safety belts and iron locks.

3. Upstream tourism safety management measures

Safety is the core issue of upstream tourism. Scenic spots that have developed upstream tourism should take the initiative to build a upstream tourism security system and integrate it into the local social security system. Mainly includes the following measures:

(1) Strengthen the training of professionals

Upstream tourism itself is very professional, and tourism enterprises can cooperate with adventure clubs to cultivate specialized upstream tourism skills. Many people think that the safety of upstream depends largely on the team leader, and there are few excellent team leaders at present, which makes many upstream tourists take a wait-and-see attitude towards this project. Through strict safety training for organizers and tour leaders, tour leaders and tour guides can master the organizational skills, safety prevention knowledge and upstream technology of outdoor sports to ensure the safety of activities.

(2) Provide participants with adequate professional training and skill coaching.

The reminder before departure determines whether the subsequent trip will be smooth. This step is an essential procedure before going upstream. For first-time participants, it is necessary to introduce how to use the equipment and the problems that may be encountered during the tour. For experienced participants, you can directly teach them more advanced and exciting upstream skills. Both tour guides and participants should receive adequate training.

(3) Improve qualification certification, industry standards and insurance mechanism.

Drawing lessons from international experience, formulating a number of regulations and standards to ensure the safety of outdoor sports will help to ensure the safety of tourists to the maximum extent. At the same time, establish industry associations to strengthen the supervision of upstream tourism enterprises. In addition, buying commercial insurance can effectively reduce the risks in operation.

Legal analysis:

First, strictly implement the traffic regulations. Strictly implement the system of stopping long-distance buses, tourist buses and sleeper buses with more than 9 seats from 2: 00 a.m. to 5: 00 a.m., prohibiting buses with more than 7 seats from running on mountain roads below Grade III from 22: 00 a.m. to 6: 00 the next day, and connecting long-distance passenger vehicles with more than 800 kilometers; The cumulative driving time of "two passengers and one danger" vehicles within 24 hours shall not exceed 8 hours, the continuous driving time shall not exceed 4 hours, the rest time for each stop shall not be less than 20 minutes, and the continuous driving time at night shall not exceed 2 hours; Vehicles carrying dangerous chemicals must pass in strict accordance with the time, route and speed designated by the public security organs. ____

Second, strictly implement the station management. Transport enterprises and passenger stations should strictly implement the system of "three no stops and six no exits" and strictly check and register the safety of exit stations; It is strictly forbidden to accept passenger vehicles entering the station without the permission of the road transport management institution; Strictly follow the general regulations, reasonably adjust the running frequency and departure time of vehicles, and put an end to the illegal online operation of non-connected passenger vehicles from 2: 00 to 5: 00; It is strictly forbidden to operate a bus station to pick up passengers, attract passengers along the way or carry goods in violation of regulations; Hazardous chemicals transport enterprises shall purchase and use tank trucks or tank container trucks that meet the requirements of relevant laws, regulations and standards, and shall not modify them without authorization and conduct inspection, maintenance and maintenance on vehicles and tanks in accordance with the requirements of relevant laws and regulations to ensure that the technical conditions of vehicles and tanks are in good condition. ____

Third, strict driver management. "Two passengers and one danger" transportation enterprises should strictly manage the vehicle drivers' employment, strictly control the entry of the employees, implement the system of regular safety meetings, regularly carry out physical examinations on drivers' driving adaptability, and timely adjust their departure if their physical condition is not suitable for driving. Where a road traffic accident causes death and bears the same responsibility, with 12 points for traffic violations, drunk driving, overcrowding of more than 20%, speeding of more than 50% (speeding of more than 20% on expressways), there are more than three speeding violations in 12 months, and parking on expressways, loading and unloading goods, and failing to pass by the prescribed time and route, the employment will be terminated. ____

Fourth, strict vehicle dynamic supervision. "Two passengers and one danger" enterprises should strictly implement the "Measures for the Dynamic Supervision and Management of Road Transport Vehicles", establish and improve the management system for the use of dynamic monitoring platforms and monitoring terminals, provide full-time personnel with 24-hour monitoring, and adjust the early warning indicators such as driving time and speed line by line according to the regulation that the driving speed of vehicles running at night shall not exceed 80% of the daytime speed limit; Strengthen the real-time monitoring and management of their vehicles and drivers, and timely discover, remind and correct drivers' illegal behaviors such as speeding, fatigue driving and not driving according to the prescribed route. ____

Five, strictly investigate the responsibility according to law. Adhere to "zero tolerance" for "two passengers and one danger" vehicles and drivers who have not obtained road transport qualifications to participate in illegal operations, and strictly control heavy penalties; Those who use or intentionally damage satellite positioning devices in violation of regulations shall be investigated for the responsibilities of relevant responsible persons and responsible persons of enterprises according to law; In case of road traffic accidents involving more than two passengers and one dangerous vehicle, the relevant responsible person and the person in charge of the enterprise shall be investigated according to the law; For "two passengers and one danger" vehicles that are seriously overcrowded, seriously speeding, transporting dangerous chemicals in violation of the provisions on the safety management of dangerous chemicals, and endangering public safety, the administrative and criminal responsibilities of the drivers, motor vehicle owners, managers and other relevant responsible personnel shall be investigated; Passenger transport enterprises and passenger vehicles fail to check the identity of passengers in accordance with the regulations, or provide services to passengers whose identities are unknown and refuse to be checked, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be investigated for responsibility according to law; The "two passengers and one danger" road transport enterprises that have repeatedly violated laws and regulations are included in the blacklist of dishonesty and joint punishment is implemented. ____

Legal basis:

Measures for Dynamic Supervision and Management of Road Transport Vehicles

Thirteenth road transport operators should purchase and install vehicles that meet the standards of satellite positioning devices, and access the monitoring platform that meets the requirements.

Article 14 A road transport enterprise shall complete and accurately enter the basic information of its road transport vehicles and drivers in the monitoring platform, and update it in time.

Article 15 The monitoring platforms of road passenger transport enterprises and road dangerous goods transport enterprises shall be connected to the national networked joint control system of key operating vehicles (hereinafter referred to as networked joint control system), and the dynamic information of vehicles and relevant information of enterprises, drivers and vehicles shall be uploaded to the national public exchange platform of dynamic information of road transport vehicles step by step as required.

The monitoring platform of road freight enterprises should be connected with the public platform of road freight vehicles, upload the relevant information of enterprises, drivers and vehicles to the public platform of road freight vehicles as required, and receive the dynamic information of freight vehicles forwarded by the public platform of road freight vehicles.

Sixteenth road transport management institutions shall, when handling the operation procedures, review the installation of satellite positioning devices and access system platforms for road transport vehicles.

Seventeenth of the newly installed vehicle satellite positioning device, any unit or individual shall not be arbitrarily removed. The domain name setting of the on-board terminal monitoring center of freight vehicles shall not be changed, except that the dangerous goods transport vehicles are set up in accordance with the relevant standards when accessing the monitoring platform of the networked joint control system.