Foreign tourism economy

1. Successful experience of American tourism development

Let's start with the conclusion that the economic development of Hawaii in the United States is as follows. Hawaii, located on the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean, is one of the two overseas states in the United States. Hawaii's economy is very developed, mainly in service industry and tourism. Because it is close to subtropical waters, the sea ice swimming industry and sightseeing nights here are very prosperous.

2. The favorable conditions for the development of American tourism

Overview of French tourism

As early as the Middle Ages, Paris has become a gathering place for princes, nobles, wealthy businessmen and scholars from all over Europe. By the 19th century, Paris had already enjoyed the world capital, and the world was proud to come to Paris.

France is one of the earliest countries in the world to develop tourism. The French Alpine Club was born in 1857. alfons Rubin founded the first travel agency in France in 1873, the London Camping Club in France in 1875 and the first local tourism association in France in 1889. The French government has always attached importance to tourism. In 1910, the French government decided to set up the National Tourism Administration, and tourism became the first private industry intervened by the French government. Since then, the state has formulated a series of tourism laws and regulations such as the Tourism Charter, which has provided a strong guarantee for the rapid and coordinated development of the tourism sector.

Social (welfare) tourism originated in France and developed rapidly. Some government welfare funds will be used to subsidize some non-profit tourism companies to develop tourism, so that low-income families can enjoy the right to travel and vacation. There are nearly 700 social (welfare) tourism resorts and camping centers in France, covering seashores, mountains and villages.

Now France is a big tourist country in the world with a developed tourism industry. In 2001, the number of international tourists reached 76.5 million, accounting for 11.1% of the world tourism market, ranking first in the world. The main countries of origin are Germany, Britain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy, the United States and Japan.

The tourist reception conditions in France and the United States are excellent, from living facilities, food to service quality.

By the end of 1996, there were 150 civil airlines in France, including Airbus. There are 125 airports in France, 89 of which can take off and land all kinds of civil airliners.

Transportation and infrastructure are operated by the French state-owned railway company, which is a state-owned monopoly. The company has 180,000 employees, an annual turnover of more than 54 billion francs, and transports about 800 million passengers every year.

There are more than 20,000 star-rated hotels and 590,000 rooms in France, accounting for 4.9% of the world total. There are 170,000 beds in various hotels, including campsites, youth hostels and holiday homes.

In 1996, the turnover of inland river transportation in France was 1 billion francs, carrying 8.2 million tourists. At present, there are 328 inland river transport companies in France with 2,600 employees. There are more than 250,000 passenger ships, of which 2,000 are for leasing. France has 8568 kilometers of inland waterways and rivers.

There are more than 70 theme parks in France, such as Disneyland. There are more than 1,100 national art museums in France, with 46 million visitors every year. There are 3,805 travel agencies in France, and the largest 17 travel agencies have 2,512 retail outlets, accounting for 66% of the total. The biggest French travel companies are club med, New Frontier International Travel Company, Hawass Travel Company, Kony Travel Agency and Tunjilong International Travel Company.

Tourism is the third largest foreign exchange earning industry in France and plays a positive role in balancing France's international trade balance in the United States.

3. What are the successful experiences of American tourism development?

(A) Comparison of Chinese and foreign tourism marketing

1. Comparison of marketing management between Chinese and foreign travel agencies

Due to the different markets, national conditions and development processes of Chinese and foreign travel agencies, there are certain differences in marketing management.

(1) Comparison of marketing concepts of travel agencies.

In the marketing concept, there are obvious differences between Chinese and foreign travel agencies due to historical reasons. The marketing concept of western travel agencies is deeply influenced by its mature market economy, and has experienced the whole development and evolution process of marketing, from traditional marketing concept to modern marketing concept. In the market competition, they firmly established the concept of marketing strategy and global marketing, and the progress of the concept strongly supported their competitiveness in the market. Influenced by the late start of tourism, especially by the planned economy, the marketing of American Travel Service in China is still in the initial stage of development. Although China draws on many western marketing theories and experiences, due to the imperfect market development and other factors, most of their marketing concepts are in the process of changing from traditional marketing concepts to new marketing concepts, and some travel agencies do not even have traditional marketing concepts. Comparatively speaking, establishing and updating the marketing concept should be one of the efforts of China's travel agencies.

(2) Comparison of marketing strategies of travel agencies.

Different product strategies. In terms of product strategy, China American Travel Service undertakes the function of product production, first selling abroad and then selling at home, with a single product category; Generally speaking, western travel agencies do not undertake the function of product production. They sell products at home first and then abroad. There are many kinds of products, including ready-made series of tourism products, temporary product requirements and even individual services designed according to tourists.

Channel strategies are different. In the west, travel agents support nearly 90% of sales, and travel retailers are chained, specialized and technical. American travel agencies in China are both organizers and receptionists (figuratively called travel agencies and receptionists), and they mainly enter the international market through indirect channels.

Different pricing strategies. Chinese and foreign travel agencies are basically the same in cost, competitive demand, exchange rate and inflation, but there are great differences in pricing technology. Our travel agencies basically adopt cost-plus pricing process, while western travel agencies flexibly price according to changes in market supply and demand. Under the influence of the government on prices, there are also great differences between China and western countries.

Different promotion strategies. The promotion strategy of western travel agencies is customer-centered, targeted marketing and encouraging all-staff marketing; However, China's promotion strategy: American travel agencies pay more attention to the international market than the domestic market, and tend to pay more attention to middlemen than tourists. The means of communication depends on advertising, competition depends on price reduction, and the promotion form is single and the promotion level is low.

From the above comparison, we can see that although there are similarities and great differences between Chinese and foreign travel agencies in marketing, it also shows that there are great shortcomings in the marketing of travel agencies in China. Facing the future market competition, we must effectively improve our marketing ability.

2. Comparison of tourism marketing development between China and foreign countries

Compared with western tourism, the developed level of China, the tourism of the United States is higher than that of China and the United States. Accordingly, the marketing level of China and the United States lags behind that of the West, with a big gap. In the rapid development of western tourism, it has gone through the same process as the material product industry. From the early stage of capitalist development to the present, it has experienced the evolution of marketing concepts such as production concept, product concept, marketing concept and social marketing concept. The application of marketing in tourism has also developed to a higher level.

China's American tourism started late, developed in an all-round way in the 1980s, and reached its first climax in the mid-1980s. Due to the sharp increase in the number of international tourists, the tourism industry is facing unprecedented fierce competition. In this context, travel agency S's own active sales behavior began to appear, and marketing was formally introduced into tourism. Especially in the late 1990s, there was an oversupply situation in the tourism market, and the consciousness management market of travel agencies moved from awakening to maturity. The viewpoint and method of comprehensive marketing began to be recognized by travel agencies, the traditional sales marketing became more mature, and the market behavior of travel agencies also changed from simple sales behavior to marketing behavior. Travel agencies began to investigate, study and predict the market demand, design baiji products, adjust their product structure, determine the realistic daily market and promotion strategy, predict the future potential market, carry out early market cultivation, take care of tourists' reflection and treatment on the quality of tourism products, and do a good job in after-sales service.

3. Comparison of marketing strategies

Influenced by the perfect marketing theory and market environment, the development of marketing strategy in western tourism marketing management has been quite perfect. In terms of product strategy, the production function is clear, the main body of the product is clear, the development model is from domestic to foreign, the product types are diverse, and the product serialization and individualization are outstanding; In terms of channel strategy, the west has formed a complete four-level system, in which channels support each other and networks communicate with each other; In terms of price strategy, the pricing foundation is solid (depending on market supply and demand), travel agencies have strong autonomy, relatively few interference factors, little dependence on policies, diversified product price forms, large customer choice space and strong price competitiveness; In the promotion strategy, the promotion strategy is designed around customers, and the marketing is highly targeted. Coupled with the huge financial support and the promotion of all-staff marketing, promotion has become the driving force for the success of travel agencies.

In short, although tourism marketing in China and the United States started late, it has developed rapidly in recent years and performed well in both domestic and international markets on the basis of successfully learning from western progressive marketing theories and experiences. However, as far as the overall development level of marketing is concerned, there is still a big gap between China and the West. In terms of products, the production and marketing functions are unclear, product development is slow, innovation is insufficient, product types are single, and sightseeing still occupies half of the product market. In terms of product price, the decision-making method is still based on the cost-plus process, with many interference factors, and the coordination between price adjustment and market demand is not high. In the channel strategy, too much reliance on intermediaries, direct sales channels have not been well utilized and developed. In terms of promotion, the form is single, the advertising promotion means are over-dependent, and the competitive tendency of price reduction needs to be further overcome.

Through the comparative analysis of Chinese and foreign tourism marketing, although there are still some shortcomings in China compared with the West, the tourism marketing in the United States has begun to develop rapidly in all aspects. With the support of China, rich tourism resources, increasingly relaxed development policies and sufficient human resources, the development of China, American tourism marketing and even the whole tourism industry is just around the corner.

(B) International Tourism market portfolio Strategy

1. Product strategy of international tourism market

(1) Similarities and differences

There are two kinds of tourists: domestic tourists and international tourists. Due to the differences in cultural traditions and living environment, there are great differences between these two different types of tourists in aesthetic tastes, values, ways of thinking and codes of conduct. These relatively stable social concepts permeate their psychological quality, dominate their thoughts and actions, and make them have obvious differences in the value judgment and consumption preference of tourism products.

The reason why tourists spend a lot of money and go abroad for sightseeing is to appreciate the exotic atmosphere, experience the customs of other nationalities and enjoy the exotic atmosphere.

Doing a good job in tourism product mix is an important product strategy in the international tourism market. When developing international tourism products, it is very important to adhere to the principle of market orientation and redesign, and plan and combine tourism products without changing tourism products, so as to meet the needs of tourists more effectively. There are two ways: one is to use the existing basic scenic spots in China, or to combine some of them with the same aesthetic style or similar nature to form a special tourism product. For example, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand launched in China in recent years all adopt this combination method. Another method is to combine some tourist attractions or projects with great contrast to form another tourism product with two or one scenic spot.

(3) adjust measures to local conditions

The prison area is vast, and under the control of regional differences in the local environment, it has formed a rich and colorful natural landscape; China is also an ancient cultural country with a long history of 5,000 years and rich cultural heritage. Terracotta warriors and horses, the ancient Great Wall, etc. It is an irreplaceable advantage of tourism resources in the world. To develop international tourism, we should make use of these advantages according to local conditions.

(4) colorful

In recent years, China's tourism product structure is still dominated by sightseeing and business tourism, which account for more than 2/3 of the total tourism products and less than 1/3 of other tourism products. The single form of tourism products greatly restricts China's market attraction and American tourism products. Moreover, sightseeing, vacation and business travel only stay in the surface development of resources, which affects the value-added ability of tourism products. Therefore, it is imperative to further develop sightseeing, vacation and business tourism and continuously develop new tourism products.

At present, China and the United States spend about $4.2 billion annually on international business travel, accounting for about 17% of the Asian business travel market. If domestic business travel expenditure is added, the total market expenditure is about 200 billion yuan. The Olympic Games to be held in China in 2008 and the World Expo in 2010 will create huge development space for China. The sense of smell of capital is undoubtedly the most sensitive. American Express, Rosenbruce and other major professional business travel service companies all set foot in China business travel market in various forms. At present, the most urgent problem in the field of business tourism in China is to cultivate professional business tourism companies.

In addition, efforts should be made to develop new tourism products, and new tourism products such as culture, leisure, education, transportation, exploration, ecology, festivals, health preservation, themes, etc. should be continuously introduced to increase the market appeal of China to American tourism products. 2. International tourism market pricing strategy

(l) state price strategy

In the pricing decision of international tourism marketing, the travel agency must first decide whether the product price is consistent with other parts of the world, or whether to set different prices according to different situations in different countries. The unified pricing of travel agencies is conducive to establishing a unified image of products in the world, formulating a unified market positioning strategy and controlling the whole marketing activities. However, due to the differences in price competition, exchange rate and tax, it is more suitable for different countries to implement differential pricing. What kind of pricing strategy the travel agency adopts depends on the following situations: the daily standard of the travel agency. If the marketing objectives of travel agencies in different countries are the same, unified pricing should be adopted; However, if the marketing objectives of travel agencies in different countries are different, differential pricing should be adopted.

Competitive conditions. If the competitive position of tourism products in the markets of different countries is the same, a unified pricing strategy can be adopted; On the contrary, differential pricing strategy can be adopted.

Life cycle of tourism products. If tourism products are in the same life cycle stage in all countries, travel agencies should adopt a unified pricing strategy; Instead, we should adopt a differential pricing strategy.

Sales channels. If different countries have the same sales channel structure and efficiency, they should adopt a unified pricing strategy. If not, in countries with better distribution channel structure and efficiency, the price should be set lower.

Price strategy when exchange rate rises. The rise of RMB exchange rate means the appreciation of RMB, which is equivalent to the increase of foreign exchange price of products, thus increasing sales income; At the same time, a stable RMB will reduce the cost of tourism products, and the combined effect of the two will increase the sales profit of tourism products. At this time, you can choose RMB as a quotation to increase your income, and you can also lower the price of your products to attract more tourists. Price strategy when exchange rate falls. The decline of RMB exchange rate means the depreciation of RMB, which means the increase of product cost. At this time, we either use foreign currency quotation to increase revenue or use RMB quotation to attract more tourists.

3. International tourism market channel strategy

The traditional sales channel is a loose network composed of travel suppliers, travel wholesalers and travel retailers. Channel members operate independently and are responsible for their own profits and losses. When they contact, they mainly bargain and negotiate the terms of sale. In recent years, the sales channel system has gradually developed into a joint channel system, with one channel member leading, organizing and controlling the whole channel system. By strengthening the cooperation among channel members, the profits of the whole channel system can be improved. Channel alliance can be divided into vertical alliance and horizontal alliance.

(l) Vertical joint sales channels

Vertical sales channel is a complete and unified channel system composed of travel suppliers, travel wholesalers and travel retailers. There are two types of vertical joint sales system: one is the vertical joint sales system of corporate bars. Second, the contractual vertical joint sales system. Third, the management-oriented vertical joint sales system. (2) Horizontal joint sales channels

Horizontal joint sales channel is a short-term or long-term joint operation by two or more tourism suppliers, wholesalers or retailers in the same link, or they are combined to form a new business unit, which is called horizontal joint sales channel. This channel can improve the efficiency of advertising, market research and other work.

4. Promotion strategy of international tourism market

(l) Advertising promotion strategy

Travel agencies generally have two choices to advertise international tourism: one is to advertise by the advertising department within the travel agency; The other is to entrust an advertising agency to handle advertising business. Due to the differences in language, education, cultural level, customs and government regulations in international tourism advertisements, it is easy to obtain the expected results by entrusting local advertising agents. When choosing an advertising company, we should consider the following questions: the background of the advertising company. The nature of advertising agency, the present situation, development history and development of advertising business, company personnel and customers, business purpose and mode, etc.

Ability and experience of advertising companies.

The reputation of an advertising company. It includes the cooperation between advertising companies and customers, the company's work attitude and mental outlook of employees, customers and the public's impression and evaluation of the company. (2) Promotion strategy

Promotion activities will be restricted in some countries. The laws of some countries stipulate that promotion activities can only be carried out with permission, and some countries have strict restrictions on the discount rate of wholesale and retail transactions, and so on. Travel agencies should know these restrictions or regulations in advance when promoting sales in the international tourism market.

(3) Marketing public relations strategy

The public facing international marketing public relations are in different countries and regions, with different social and cultural backgrounds, and their languages, customs and lifestyles are very different. Therefore, when formulating the international tourism marketing strategy, we should pay attention to the following issues:

Understand the attitude of foreign public towards travel agencies and tourism products, as well as the economic, political and social situation of source countries.

Understand and make good use of the news media frequently contacted by foreign public. Because the news media is the most commonly used and effective way of marketing public relations communication.

Let the information you spread conform to the language, culture and customs of foreign public from content to form, so that they can accept it.

According to the needs and possibilities of travel agencies, support and sponsor local social development

The marketing environment of international tourism market personnel is much more complicated than that of domestic tourism market personnel, so the requirements for personnel are much higher. In the field of international tourism marketing, salesmen can choose their own people, or they can choose salesmen from countries where the market is located and other countries.

recruit

Recruitment is the basis of personnel sales. Sales personnel engaged in international tourism marketing should not only have all the qualifications of domestic sales personnel, but also have the ability of decisive decision-making, market research and cultural adaptation.

training

In the training of travel agency salesmen, the training emphasis of domestic salesmen and foreign salesmen should be different. The training of domestic sales personnel should focus on familiarizing with the cultural background of different countries, and strengthen the training in foreign languages, manners, living habits and business customs. The training of foreign sales personnel focuses on letting them know the characteristics of this product and master the necessary sales skills.

encourage

People from different countries and cultural backgrounds have different needs and behavioral motives. Travel agencies should understand the personal cat desires and behavioral motives of salespeople with different cultural backgrounds and use incentive measures to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of salespeople.

4. Enlightenment of American tourism development

Tourism planning originated in Britain, France and Ireland in the mid-1930s. At first, tourism planning only made some basic market evaluation and site design for some tourism projects or facilities. Strictly speaking, this is not a travel plan.

In the years from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, the world tourism industry developed rapidly, and the demand for tourism development gradually increased. Accordingly, tourism planning has been further developed in Europe, and gradually spread to Canada in North America, and then further extended to Asian and African countries.

The main ideas and methods of foreign tourism planning are: comprehensive method, system planning method, community method and threshold analysis method.

5. Current situation of American tourism development

American tourist visas have been suspended because the epidemic in the United States has not been controlled and even the vaccine has not been tested. In order to protect people's health in the United States, the state suspended the application for travel to the United States.

6. The successful experience of American tourism development is

The tourism in America is always good. Although the epidemic is not optimistic. But I think there should be more than 10 million people. Earned more than 10 billion dollars.

7. Characteristics of American tourism development

Man, man, man! Car, car, car Eating is difficult, living is difficult, and walking is difficult! Haha, I went to Yinchuan on November 11th, still in the northwest. That's how it feels!

8. Research on the current situation and characteristics of American tourism development

In the second half of the 19th century, European tourism activities rose and tourism began to flourish. The research on how to promote the development of tourism economy is also carried out accordingly.

Its research scope includes not only domestic and international tourism status, but also tourism statistics and tourism management.

His early works are "On the Flow and Expenditure of Foreign Tourists in Italy" published by Italian scholar Bao Dyott in 1889 and "Lecture Notes on Tourism" published by Italian scholar Mariotti in the early 20th century. After the Second World War, tourism economics developed rapidly, and its main works include Introduction to Tourism by borman, England, Theory of Tourist Mobility by Olgilvy, and Tourism Consumption by Klapter, the Federal Republic of Germany.

After World War II, tourism is a new undertaking. Scholars and experts from the United States, Italy, Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Yugoslavia and other countries have conducted extensive research on tourism management, hotel management, tourism market, tourism psychology, tourism economics and so on, making theoretical preparations for the establishment of tourism economics.

9. What is the successful experience of American tourism development?

Experienced four periods:

1. During the period of ancient inns (12th-18th century), inns gradually developed with the development of commodity production and commodity exchange. The earliest inns can be traced back to the end of primitive society and the beginning of slave society, which were produced to meet the needs of diplomatic exchanges, religious and business trips, cruises of emperors and nobles in ancient countries.

2. During the luxury hotel period (from the end of 18th century to the middle of 19th century), with the emergence and development of capitalist economy and tourism, tourism began to become an economic activity, and luxury hotels specially serving the upper ruling class came into being. Many accommodation facilities such as hotels have appeared in continental Europe.

3. The period of commercial hotels (from the end of 19th century to 1950s) is the most active period of hotels in the world. It is an important stage in the development of the hotel industry, which eventually makes the hotel industry a service industry for ordinary people and lays the foundation for the modern hotel industry in all aspects.

4. During the modern new hotel period (after 1950s), after World War II, with the worldwide economic recovery and prosperity and the rapid population growth, international mass tourism appeared in the world. With the increase of disposable income in the United States, the number of people traveling abroad and enjoying hotel services has expanded rapidly, which has accelerated the popularization of tourism activities and the frequency of political, economic and cultural exchanges among countries around the world. This change in social demand has prompted the hotel industry to enter the modern hotel era.

The positive impact of tourism on the national economy: the sum of all relations and phenomena that occur during people's non-settled travel and sightseeing in order to seek spiritual pleasure. Tourism is the medium of tourism, and it provides a service intermediary for the organic connection between the subject and the object of tourism.

1. Promote regional economic development and increase local fiscal revenue.

2. Promote the development of the tertiary industry and promote local employment.

3. Balance regional economic development and narrow regional differences.

The negative influence of tourism on regional economy;

The development of economy by tourism only means that tourism promotes local consumption, thus achieving the purpose of promoting economy. It is an economic type that only consumes and does not produce.

1. Because the investment is too large, it is difficult to recover the cost, resulting in economic losses.

2. Because the construction occupies too much land, it affects the development of agriculture.

The influx of a large number of tourists has caused a general rise in prices and affected people's lives.

Extended information:

What is the impact of tourism on the economy?

The impact of tourism on the economy-there are two aspects:

1. Advantages: Tourism will promote the development of many industries, such as catering, accommodation, travel agency, air ticket agency, rural farmhouse music, etc. (bringing extra income to farmers), increasing investment in highway, railway, aviation and infrastructure construction, increasing commercial consumption, and increasing foreign exchange brought by foreign tourism, etc. In short, favorable factors are dominant.

2. Disadvantages: Tourism will bring environmental damage, which will make some backward areas blindly invest money, blindly develop and even destroy historical cultural relics without unified planning, and some people who travel abroad bring uncivilized behavior abroad, which will have a bad influence on our country.

3. Summary: Everything has its advantages and disadvantages. Only by improving the unfavorable factors and turning them into favorable ones, and using proper methods, the contribution of tourism to economic development is unimaginable and we look forward to it.